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| নির্বাচিত পোস্ট | লগইন | রেজিস্ট্রেশন করুন | রিফ্রেস |
The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after second World War between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed.
The term "cold" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars, known as proxy wars, supported by the two sides. The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences. The USSR was a Marxist–Leninist state ruled by its Communist Party and secret police.
In this crisis, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the man, who realized that, newly born Bangladesh have to take a neutral side which will not affect the country. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states which are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. As of 2012, the movement has 120 members. The organization was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and was largely conceived by India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru; Indonesia's first president, Sukarno; Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser; Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah; and Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito. All five leaders were prominent advocates of a middle course for states in the Developing World between the Western and Eastern Blocs in the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations.
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was eager to join in NAM as the purpose of the organization is to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics". The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations's members and contain 55% of the world population. Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing or part of the Third World.
Members have at times included the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Argentina, Namibia, Cyprus, and Malta. Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of thesuperpowers, the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War. Some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Although the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it.
After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though some have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union. Belarus is the only member of the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998, respectively.
The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to Mehr News Agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend. Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents, 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys. At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015. The 17th Summit of the Non Aligned Movement is to be held in Venezuela in 2016.
Since the end of the Cold War and the formal end of colonialism, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system. A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrument that can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states, but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions.
Importance of NAM:
The movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the world's poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world, and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security.
Since the end of the Cold War and the formal end of colonialism, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system. A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrument that can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states, but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions.
The movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the world's poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world, and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security.
NAM Membership of Bangladesh:
Sheikh Mujib's government turned their attention to gaining international recognition for the new fragile nation for the foundation of economic progress and prosperity. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was founded in 1961 in Belgrade by developing countries wishing to distance themselves from the influence of the two superpowers during the Cold War - the US and Soviet power blocs.
Growing from 25 member countries in 1961 to 118 countries in 2012 - thus representing two-thirds of the global population - it's primary aim is to protect the right of nations to "independent judgement" and to counter imperialism. The movement is also committed to restructuring the world economic order. Bangladesh became a member of NAM on 6 September 1973, and Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman participated in the summit held at Algiers, capital of Algeria, during this period, in a bid to widen and broaden Bangladesh's relationship with other developing countries. His attendance was a big exposure for Bangladesh, and many non-aligned leaders were impressed by his personality.
OIC membership of Bangladesh:
Prime Minister Sheikh Mujib attended the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) summit conference held in Lahore, Pakistan, on 22-24 February 1974. On reaching Lahore, Sheikh Mujib was received by the Pakistani Prime Minister Bhutto and General Tikka Khan whose hands were drenched with the blood of the Bengalis during the Liberation War. Later the two Prime Ministers appeared hands in hand on the balcony of the Shalimar Gardens with other dignitaries, including the late Libyan leader Muammar Gadaffi and Palestine leader Yasser Arafat. It was done with a view to improving relations with the Muslim countries and easing the tension with Pakistan who had officially recognised the new independent nation of Bangladesh on 22 February 1974 - approximately three years after the 1971 atrocities. On 27 Jun 1974 Prime Minister Bhutto paid an official visit to Bangladesh, which was the first time that a Pakistani leader came to Dhaka after the civil war imposed upon the Bengalis. Although a banquet and a civic reception were organised in honour of Bhutto, he met hostile slogans "Butcher Bhutto, go home". He caused offence to the people of Bangladesh when he attempted to justify the remark "Thank God, Pakistan has been saved", which he had made on 26 March 1971, after the military crackdown in East Pakistan.
At the banquet, Mujib bluntly reminded Bhutto "history could be interpreted but not rewritten". During his talks with Bhutto, Mujib raised two important issues for settlement between two countries, the division of assets held by the united Pakistan before 1971 and the admission of more non-Bengalis in Pakistan. However, the talks between them did not produce any appreciable result.
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